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Table 1 A summary of plant CCDs identified, including the grapevine enzymes, with cleavage sites, substrates and products

From: Functional characterisation of three members of the Vitis viniferaL. carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene family

Species

Enzyme

Cleavage site

Substrates

Products

Reference

Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress)

AtCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[46]

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

[47]

9,10 (9’,10’)

lutein

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

[25]

9,10 (9’,10’)

violaxanthin

5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone

 

9,10 (9’,10’)

neoxanthin

5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone

9,10 (9’,10’)

lycopene

pseudoionione

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

MHO

AtCCD4

9,10 (9’,10’)

8’-apo-β-caroten-8’-al

β-ionone

[11]

Solanum lycopersicon (previously Lycopersicon esculentum) (Tomato)

LeCCD1a

9,10 (9’,10’)

lutein

3-hydroxy-b-ionone

[18]

9,10 (9’,10’)

violaxanthin

5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone

[25]

9,10 (9’,10’)

neoxanthin

5'6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-b-ionone

 

9,10 (9’,10’)

lycopene

pseudoionone

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

MHO

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

 

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

LeCCD1b

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[25]

9,10 (9’,10’)

lycopene

pseudoionone

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

MHO

Petunia hybrid (Petunia)

PhCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[18]

Cucumis melo (Musk melon)

CmCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

phytoene

geranylacetone

[48]

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

pseudoionone

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

9,10 (9’,10’)

δ-carotene

α-ionone and pseudoionone

Vitis vinifera (Grapevine)

VvCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

[54]

9,10 (9’,10’)

lutein

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

[49]

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

MHO

This study

9,10 (9’,10’)

ϵ-carotene

α-ionone

 

VvCCD4a

9,10 (9’,10’)

ϵ-carotene

α-ionone

This study

9,10 (9’,10’)

neurosporene

geranylacetone

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

MHO

 

VvCCD4b

9,10 (9’,10’)

ϵ-carotene

α-ionone

This study

9,10 (9’,10’)

neurosporene

geranylacetone

9,10 (9’,10’)

ζ-carotene

geranylacetone

Crocus sativus (Saffron crocus)

CsCCD1a

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[50]

 

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

[23]

CsCCD1b

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[50]

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

[23]

CsCCD4a

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[23]

CsCCD4b

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[22]

CsZCD

7,8(7′,8′)

zeaxanthin

crocetin dialdehyde

[50]

Fragaria ananassa (Strawberry)

FaCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

β-ionone

[51]

9,10 (9’,10’)

lutein

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-apo-8’-carotenol

3-hydroxy-a-ionone

Zea mays (Maize)

ZmCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

ζ-carotene

geranylacetone

[25]

9,10 (9’,10’)

lycopene

pseudoionone

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

MHO

9,10 (9’,10’)

δ-carotene

α-ionone

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

Rosa damascena(Damask rose)

RdCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[11]

9,10 (9’,10’)

ζ-carotene

geranylacetone

9,10 (9’,10’)

neoxanthin

grasshopper ketone

9,10 (9’,10’)

lycopene

pseudoionone

5,6 (5’,6’)

lycopene

MHO

9,10 (9’,10’)

zeaxanthin

3-hydroxy-β-ionone

 

RdCCD4

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[11]

9,10 (9’,10’)

8’-apo-β-caroten-8’-al

β-ionone

Oryza sativa (Asian rice)

OsCCD1

5,6 (5’,6’)

Lycopene

MHO

[20]

7,8 (7’,8’)

lycopene

geranial

9,10 (9’,10’)

lycopene

pseudoionone

Osmanthus fragrans (Sweet osmanthus)

OfCCD1

9,10 (9’,10’)

α-carotene

α-ionone

[42]

β-carotene

β-ionone

Chrysanthemum morifolium(Chrysanthemum)

CmCCD4a

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[11, 52]

Malus domestica (Apple)

MdCCD4

9,10 (9’,10’)

β-carotene

β-ionone

[11]

Solanum tuberosum (Potato)

StCCD4

 

Unknown carotenoid

MHO

[53]