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Table 1 Effects of radiation treatment (Ambient, no filter; FUV+, UV-transmitting filter; FUV-, UV-blocking filter) and berry saccharimetric level on the phenolic composition of skins in Tempranillo berries

From: Solar ultraviolet radiation is necessary to enhance grapevine fruit ripening transcriptional and phenolic responses

Phenolic compounds

23 ºBrix Ambient

23 ºBrix FUV+

23 ºBrix FUV-

26 ºBrix Ambient

26 ºBrix FUV+

26 ºBrix FUV-

P-rad

P-s

MSPC

15.0 ± 2.0

15.8 ± 0.8

16.8 ± 0.9

15.6 ± 0.9

15.5 ± 0.7

15.1 ± 1.7

0.632

0.799

MIPC

9.4 ± 0.1

10.4 ± 0.5

11.8 ± 1.2

9.6 ± 0.7

8.2 ± 1.4

10.3 ± 2.3

0.031

0.587

Phenolic acids (μg · g -1 FW)

Protocatechuic acid

7.7 ± 0.3a

5.5 ± 0.2b

1.3 ± 0.3c

5.6 ± 0.0a

3.1 ± 0.4a

0.9 ± 0.1b

0.000

0.000

Caffeoyl-tartaric acid

69.7 ± 9.5

78.7 ± 34.3

115.1 ± 8.4

145.1 ± 22.7

117.7 ± 5.3

181.2 ± 14.8

0.063

0.015

Coumaroyl-tartaric acid

271.7 ± 24.6a

232.7 ± 19.5a

364.3 ± 26.4b

244.7 ± 20.2a

204.3 ± 25.2a

306.0 ± 35.4a

0.002

0.997

p-coumaric acid

111.4 ± 4.5a

87.4 ± 1.0ab

75.1 ± 4.5b

111.0 ± 0.8a

128.7 ± 14.6a

79.9 ± 8.1b

0.003

0.028

Syringic acid

26.1 ± 7.1

36.7 ± 12.7

61.8 ± 25.5

42.2 ± 8.7

62.2 ± 12.7

56.3 ± 2.2

0.253

0.236

Stilbenes (μg · g -1 FW)

Resveratrol

0.4 ± 0.0a

1.1 ± 0.0b

0.3 ± 0.1a

0.4 ± 0.2a

1.2 ± 0.0b

0.3 ± 0.2a

0.035

0.407

Trans-piceid (resveratrol-3-O-glucoside)

2.4 ± 0.5a

3.3 ± 0.2a

0.6 ± 0.2b

0.8 ± 0.4a

4.6 ± 0.7b

0.6 ± 0.3a

0.004

0.351

Flavanols (μg g -1 FW)

Catechin

48.3 ± 10.0

63.3 ± 5.3

54.6 ± 3.1

30.6 ± 3.3

34.1 ± 3.5

44.8 ± 6.9

0.165

0.001

Epicatechin

9.6 ± 1.3a

11.1 ± 0.5a

8.2 ± 0.6a

5.3 ± 0.4a

8.4 ± 1.0b

7.1 ± 0.3b

0.030

0.002

Cis-epigallocatechin

129.4 ± 10.6a

96.1 ± 4.1b

133.9 ± 11.5a

86.7 ± 2.6a

81.8 ± 4.7a

91.5 ± 5.6a

0.016

0.000

Trans-epigallocatechin

35.0 ± 3.0

27.1 ± 1.1

26.7 ± 0.5

24.6 ± 0.1

24.9 ± 2.1

27.0 ± 5.8

0.514

0.166

Procyanidin B1

138.6 ± 7.8

142.6 ± 5.2

145.2 ± 8.2

89.8 ± 0.2

88.9 ± 4.4

90.7 ± 5.8

0.851

0.000

Flavonols (μg · g -1 FW)

Myricetin

86.8 ± 1.1a

58.6 ± 2.6b

45.8 ± 0.3c

79.0 ± 8.7a

56.8 ± 1.2a

45.8 ± 7.5a

0.004

0.497

Myricetin-3-O-glucoside

581.3 ± 19.6

683.2 ± 28.1

496.4 ± 22.2

426.9 ± 12.9

590.7 ± 49.8

536.5 ± 16.9

0.443

0.663

Myricetin-3-O-glucuronide

16.0 ± 0.6a

38.5 ± 1.7b

32.9 ± 0.4b

19.1 ± 0.8a

39.6 ± 0.9b

40.6 ± 0.5b

0.001

0.281

Cis-kaempferol-3-O-glucoside

15.3 ± 1.5a

11.6 ± 1.4a

0.8 ± 0.1b

10.6 ± 2.3a

6.6 ± 0.2a

1.8 ± 0.2b

0.009

0.116

Trans-kaempferol-3-O-glucoside

74.3 ± 8.8a

57.7 ± 8.6a

2.2 ± 0.6b

49.7 ± 10.0a

27.9 ± 3.6a

6.1 ± 0.1b

0.000

0.007

Quercetin-3-O-glucoside

70.1 ± 3.3

70.0 ± 2.9

71.3 ± 12

68.4 ± 3.9

70.2 ± 1.1

69.6 ± 8.6

0.985

0.853

Quercetin-3-O-galactoside

34.0 ± 2.7a

25.6 ± 8.3a

2.5 ± 0.5b

34.5 ± 8.5a

19.2 ± 1.5ab

4.9 ± 2.8b

0.005

0.826

Quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside

181.2 ± 6.4a

173.0 ± 35.2a

19.0 ± 3.5b

158.9 ± 34.8a

101.0 ± 7.7a

14.5 ± 0.5b

0.000

0.097

Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide

176.2 ± 16.0a

143.5 ± 28.0a

46.3 ± 6.3b

212.9 ± 50.1a

119.3 ± 2.1ab

53.2 ± 9.0b

0.000

0.687

Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside

10.5 ± 0.6a

6.1 ± 1.7b

1.5 ± 0.4c

9.3 ± 0.8a

5.2 ± 0.9ab

2.8 ± 0.5b

0.000

0.722

Cis-isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside

95.7 ± 3.6a

79.2 ± 1.9b

98.2 ± 3.3a

76.0 ± 3.1a

85.3 ± 3.1a

91.8 ± 4.3a

0.012

0.033

Trans-isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside

9.2 ± 0.2a

11.8 ± 2.2a

2.2 ± 0.8b

8.9 ± 0.1a

9.0 ± 0.5a

1.8 ± 0.2b

0.002

0.258

Cis-isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide

0.8 ± 0.1a

0.8 ± 0.2a

0.4 ± 0.1b

0.7 ± 0.1a

0.7 ± 0.1a

0.3 ± 0.1b

0.001

0.864

Trans-isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide

4.1 ± 0.6a

3.0 ± 1.7a

1.1 ± 0.4b

3.8 ± 0.8a

3.5 ± 0.9a

1.0 ± 0.5b

0.016

0.365

Syringetin-3-O-glucoside

15.7 ± 1.5

13.2 ± 1.1

17.4 ± 2.2

14.1 ± 1.8

14.0 ± 1.6

16.4 ± 2.4

0.774

0.583

Anthocyanins (mg · g -1 FW)

Malvidin-3-O-glucoside

28.0 ± 3.9

28.5 ± 2.1

34.5 ± 2.0

31.8 ± 0.8

32.1 ± 2.1

32.1 ± 5.5

0.477

0.509

Petunidin-3-O-glucoside

12.5 ± 1.2

11.6 ± 1.1

12.8 ± 1.4

13.3 ± 0.3

12.4 ± 0.9

11.5 ± 1.4

0.655

0.902

Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside

11.2 ± 0.7

9.7 ± 1.0

10.4 ± 1.5

11.4 ± 0.3

10.4 ± 0.8

9.2 ± 1.0

0.237

0.912

Peonidin-3-O-glucoside

5.2 ± 0.3

5.4 ± 1.0

3.8 ± 0.1

5.6 ± 0.4

6.3 ± 0.7

5.5 ± 0.7

0.883

0.843

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside

2.9 ± 0.2

2.7 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 1.8

2.5 ± 0.3

3.0 ± 0.4

2.7 ± 0.9

0.922

0.729

Malvidin-3-O-(6´-acetyl) glucoside

4.9 ± 0.6

5.3 ± 0.4

5.3 ± 0.5

4.6 ± 0.2

4.4 ± 0.5

4.4 ± 1.0

0.983

0.113

Petunidin-3-O-(6´-acetyl) glucoside

0.2 ± 0.0a

0.2 ± 0.0a

0.1 ± 0.0a

0.2 ± 0.0a

0.1 ± 0.0a

0.1 ± 0.0b

0.001

0.001

Delphinidin-3-O-(6´-acetyl) glucoside

0.5 ± 0.1

0.5 ± 0.0

0.5 ± 0.0

0.5 ± 0.0

0.5 ± 0.0

0.5 ± 0.1

0.929

0.424

Peonidin-3-O-(6´-acetyl) glucoside

1.2 ± 0.2

1.4 ± 0.1

1.6 ± 0.1

1.3 ± 0.0

1.5 ± 0.1

1.5 ± 0.3

0.126

0.940

Cyanidin-3-O-(6´-acetyl) glucoside

0.4 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.1

0.910

0.360

Malvidin-3-O-(6´-p-coumaroyl) glucoside

12.2 ± 1.8

14.6 ± 0.6

16.3 ± 1.7

12.1 ± 0.3

14.0 ± 0.8

14.3 ± 3.3

0.168

0.538

Petunidin-3-O-(6´-p-coumaroyl) glucoside

3.8 ± 0.5

4.3 ± 0.3

4.5 ± 0.4

3.9 ± 0.1

3.8 ± 0.3

4.0 ± 0.8

0.720

0.368

Delphinidin-3-O-(6´-p-coumaroyl) glucoside

0.2 ± 0.0a

0.2 ± 0.0a

0.1 ± 0.0a

0.1 ± 0.0a

0.1 ± 0.0a

0.1 ± 0.0b

0.000

0.001

Cyanidin-3-O-(6´-p-coumaroyl) glucoside

0.8 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.0

0.8 ± 0.1

0.7 ± 0.0

0.586

0.196

  1. MSPC and MIPC, bulk levels of methanol-soluble and -insoluble phenolic compounds (as the area under the absorbance curve in the interval 280–400 nm of the absorbance spectrum per mg FW). All the individual compounds were found in the methanol-soluble fraction except p-coumaric and syringic acids. Different letters mean significant differences between treatments for each ripeness level. Means ± SE are shown. Significance values in ANOVA for the differences in radiation treatments and berry saccharimetric level are shown (P-rad and P-s, respectively).