Fig. 3

Principal component analysis (PCA) score plots showing the metabolomic trajectory of leaves (A₁) and roots (A₂) of wheat seedlings under no salinity stress (CK), salt stress (SS), and alkali stress (AS). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) scores showing dose dependence of salinity effects on wheat seedlings: CK vs. SS in leaves (B₁) and roots (B₂). CK vs. AS in leaves (C₁) and roots (C₂). SS vs. AS in leaves (D₁) and roots (D₂)