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Table 1 Spectroscopic characteristics of carotenoid identity

From: Natural variation in expression of genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage root

Peak #

Retention time (minute)

Carotenoid #

Carotenoid name

λmax1

λmax2 (II)

λmax3 (III)

Percentage (% III/II)

01

4.8

01

Neoxanthin

416

440

470

80

02

4.9

02

Violaxanthin

418

443

472

74

03

5.0

03

Zeaxanthin

423

442

471

40

04

5.3

04

Crocetin

399

422

448

61

05

7.9

05

Lutein

422

445

473

60

06

8.0

06

Antheroxanthin

425

445

474

15

07

17.2

07

Lycopene

446

473

504

98

08

18.5

08

β-cryptoxanthin

422

442

470

92

09

24.1

09

α-Zeacarotene

402

422

448

22

10

25.7

10

Neurosporene

418

442

470

71

11

28

11

ζ carotene

399

423

449

92

12

34.5

12

β-zeacarotene

399

423

449

69

13

41.6

13

All trans β-carotene

424

446

479

10

13

41.6

14

Phytofluen1

349

388

388

79

14

43.02

15

9-cis-β-carotene

431

445

472

78

14

43.02

16

Phytofluen2

349

388

447

78

15

45.7

17

13-cis-β-carotene

424

446

473

19

15

45.7

18

Phytofluen 3

279

341

447

19

16

52.3

19

Phytoene

275

286

299

12

  1. Spectroscopic characteristics of 19 carotenoid types obtained from HPLC_DAD for landrace Cas64, as reference profile, plus Cas51 for carotenoid type identification in the original chromatograms of 23 landraces studied. HPLC_DAD profiles were obtained in C18 Waters Spherisorb ODS_2 (4.5 × 150mm. 5 mm) column using mobile phase Methanol:Ethylacetate:Acetonitrile (1:1:8) in a isocratic run for 60 min. For qualitative analysis the chromatograms were read at 455 nm for color and at 350 nm for colorless carotenoid types. Carotenoid types were identified by comparison with purified samples for β-carotene from carrot, Lutein from capuchin flower (Tropaeolum majus), and Lycopene from tomato fruit. As a way to reduce misidentification of other unknown carotenoids, minimum identification criteria as previously described [10.21.22], was performed and included comparisons of retention time in minutes (RT), peak number (P#) in the HPLC_DAD profile, UV-visible photodiode array spectra, lambda maximum (λmax1. λmax2 (III). λmax3 (II) for each carotenoid in acetonitrile solvent, and fine structure defined as %III/II