Table 3 Relative concentration and fold-changes in the levels of major metabolites in roots and shoots of maize seedlings after 15 d of salt and alkaline treatments. Fold-changes were calculated using the formula log₂ ^{(treatment/control)}

TCA cycle

Citric acid

−0.53

1.01^*

−0.88^*

0.52

Aconitic acid

0.23

0.99^*

−0.47

0.73

α-Ketoglutaric acid

−0.62

−0.27

−1.82^*

−0.60

Succinic acid

0.48

2.44^*

−0.73

−0.48

Fumaric acid

−0.39

1.51^*

−0.48

−0.20

Malic acid

−0.55

1.16^*

−0.73^*

−0.53

Glycolysis

Glucose

−2.11^*

−2.49^*

0.23

−0.65

Glucose-6-P

−2.15^*

−0.26

1.48^*

−1.40^*

Fructose-6-P

−2.08^*

−0.28

2.11^*

−0.50

3-Phosphoglycerate

−1.14^*

−0.85

1.03^*

−1.05^*

Phosphoenolpyruvate

0.20

−0.34

2.06^*

−0.46

Pyruvate

0.53

0.85

−0.33

−3.42^*

Shikimic path way

Shikimic acid

−1.65^*

−0.45

0.44

−1.42^*

Quinic acid

−2.64^*

−0.71

0.04

−1.51^*

Chlorogenic acid

−4.49^*

−0.35

0.97

0.92

Cinnamic acid

−0.67

4.03^*

0.69

1.90^*

Ferulic acid

−1.88^*

1.24^*

0.89

0.31

Amino acids

Glutamate

−1.39^*

0.74

−2.37^*

−1.41^*

Alanine

−3.49^*

0.27

1.06^*

−2.22^*

γ-Aminobutyric acid

0.28

−0.06

1.61^*

−0.74

Valine

−2.07^*

0.04

0.78

0.21

Serine

−1.44^*

−0.24

2.13^*

0.50

Aspartate

−0.84^*

−0.39

−1.46^*

−0.51

Asparagine

0.34

0.06

1.04^*

−0.84

Threonine

−1.54^*

−0.20

1.10^*

−0.99^*

Proline

3.80^*

1.40^*

5.86^*

1.32^*

Isoleucine

−1.17^*

−0.12

1.08^*

0.46

Glycine

−1.13^*

−0.84

0.41

0.33

Leucine

−2.15^*

−0.55

−0.68

0.62

Glutamine

−5.68^*

−0.41

−0.56

−0.41

Methionine

−1.39^*

−0.41

−0.04

−1.30^*

Phenylalanine

−2.25^*

0.47

2.04^*

0.84

Sugars

Fructose

0.76^*

0.19

0.56

0.13

Sucrose

1.60^*

−2.45^*

−0.05

−0.07

Talose

1.14^*

−0.97

0.61

0.14

Raffinose

0.64

−1.11^*

1.38^*

0.47

myo-Inositol

1.27^*

0.81

0.56

−0.89

Ribose

0.43

0.27

0.60

−1.60^*

Galactinol

0.11

−1.05^*

1.79^*

0.84

Fatty acids

Palmitic acid

0.27

0.52

−1.08^*

0.89^*

Stearic acid

−0.13

0.31

0.85

−0.23

Arachidic acid

−0.43

0.22

−0.34

0.12

Linoleic acid

−0.75

0.19

−0.82

1.01^*

Oleic acid

−0.59

0.07

−1.10^*

1.18^*