Fig. 4

Effect of MT destabilization by propyzamide (PPD) on root skewing in tno1 mutants. a Angle of skew with respect to the horizontal for WT, KO and COM roots grown on two different concentrations of PPD. Seedlings were grown vertically in long-day conditions for 5 days on growth media solidified with 1.5% agar and either containing PPD or solvent as a control. All values represent the means of 3 biological replicates with at least 12–15 seedlings for each replicate. Error bars indicate standard error. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference from WT (P < 0.05) by Student’s t-test. b Light microscopic image of roots of WT, KO and COM lines grown vertically in the presence of 3 μM PPD for 5 days. Scale bar =1 cm. c Mean root skew of each genotype on PPD compared to the mean on the solvent control, expressed as percentage inhibition. Values represent analysis of 3 biological replicates with at least 12 seedlings for each set. Error bars indicate standard error. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) by Student’s t-test. d Representative image of propidium iodide-stained elongation zones of WT, KO and COM roots grown vertically on 3 μM PPD for 5 days, imaged with a confocal microscope. Scale bar = 100 μm. e Cell file rotation angles of roots of WT, KO and COM lines grown on 3 μM PPD. All values represent the means of 3 biological replicates with at least 10 cell files from 3 seedlings analyzed for each replicate. Error bars indicate standard errors