Table 1 Constitutive and herbivore-induced VOCs released from single individuals of the focal plant species Trifolium pratense growing in pot communities of differing species compositions. T. pratense plants were either grown in monoculture (1 sp), in two species mixtures with Geranium pratense (TG) or Dactylis glomerata (TD), or in three species mixtures with D. glomerata and G. pratense (3 spp). T. pratense individuals in half of the experimental pot communities were infested with Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars (herbivory treatment). Values represent mean VOC emissions (ng g− 1 h− 1) ± SEM from single T. pratense individuals
From: Plant volatile emission depends on the species composition of the neighboring plant community
Compounds | Control | Herbivory | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sp. | 2 spp. | 3 spp. | TG | TD | 1 sp. | 2 spp. | 3 spp. | TG | TD | |
Monoterpenes*d | ||||||||||
 (E)-β-ocimene* | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | – | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 26.7 ± 5.4 | 54.1 ± 5.4 | 59.8 ± 19.6 | 41.5 ± 11.0 | 69.2 ± 11.1 |
 (Z)-β-ocimene* | – | – | – | – | – | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 2.3 | 9.4 ± 3.9 | 5.7 ± 1.9 | 16.3 ± 2.7 |
Sesquiterepenes*d | ||||||||||
 (E)-β-caryophyllene* | – | – | – | – | – | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 5.3 ± 2.2 | 6.5 ± 4.2 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 9.7 ± 4.1 |
Homoterpene* | ||||||||||
 DMNT* | – | – | – | – | – | 14.3 ± 6.0 | 13.1 ± 5.0 | 15.1 ± 8.0 | 4.6 ± 2.2 | 23.2 ± 9.0 |
GLVsd | ||||||||||
 (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 5.7 | – | 8.2 ± 3.7 | 5.9 ± 5.9 | 44.8 ± 19.7 | 21.0 ± 10.1 | 16.3 ± 14.8 | 78.9 ± 35.6 |
Others | ||||||||||
 1-Octene-3-ol* | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 4.1 ± 2.8 |
 Benzyl alcohol | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 7.4 ± 3.1 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 8.7 ± 6.0 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 2.3 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 2.2 |
 Unknown | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 3.1 | 6.1 ± 3.8 | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 3.2 | 3.6 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 3.0 |
 Nonanal | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 13.2 ± 6.1 | 11.4 ± 4.6 | 11.7 ± 7.9 | 14.4 ± 9.6 | 13.3 ± 6.4 | 13.2 ± 4.6 | 15.6 ± 7.1 | 11.1 ± 4.7 | 15.7 ± 8.9 |
Total*d | 13.7 ± 4.2 | 30.1 ± 7.9 | 27.8 ± 2.6 | 26.5 ± 13.3 | 33.2 ± 10.4 | 71.3 ± 15.2 | 149.5 ± 30.3 | 138.4 ± 41.8 | 88.4 ± 17.5 | 223.0 ± 46.2 |