Gene | Chromosomr. location | Protein product | Description | Functions | Mutant phenotype | Gene number in IWGSC1.0 | Position in IWGSC1.0 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vrn1 | 5A, 5B, 5D | Encodes a MADS-box transcription factor, also named as WAP1 or TaVRT1 | Induced by prolonged cold, long photoperiod | Not only promotes the apex transition to generative development, but also activation of long day response in leaves | Recessive alleles at all Vrn-1 homoeoloci confer a winter growth habit (vernalization sensitive), whereas one or more dominant alleles at Vrn-1 homoeoloci result in a spring growth habit (vernalization insensitive). | TraesCS5A01G391700, TraesCS5B01G396600, TraesCS5D01G401500. | 5A:587423056–587,423,240, 5B:573815719–573,815,903, 5D:467184094–467,184,278. | |
Vrn2 | 5A | Encodes a protein containing a putative zinc finger and a CCT protein-protein interaction domain | Down-regulated when plants are vernalized | A dominant repressor of flowering | Functional mutations in the ZCCT genes result in a spring growth habit and early flowering | No | No | [17] |
Vrn3 | 7B | Encodes a mobile protein, homologous to the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) | Induced by vernalization and long days | Accelerates reproductive apex development | Transgenic wheat plants overexpressing Vrn-3B have an extra-early flowering phenotype without the need of vernalization | TraesCS7B01G013100 | 7B:9700818–9,704,363 | [18] |
Vrn4 | 5D | Encodes a MADS-box transcription factor highly similar to VRN1 | VRN-D4 locus originated by the insertion of a large segment from chromosome arm 5AL into chromosome arm 5DS | Vrn-D4 likely operates upstream of the positive regulatory feedback loop connecting Vrn1, Vrn2 and Vrn3. | The mutation flowered later than plants carrying the wild type allele | No | No | |
VER2 | 2D | Encodes a nucleocytoplasmic carbohydrate-binding protein, a jacalin-like lectin, with high affinity for glcnac and galactose | After vernalization, VER2 accumulates predominantly in the nucleus in shoot tips and young leaves | Nuclear-localized VER2 interacts with O-glcnac-modified TaGRP2 to relieve the repression on tavrn1 transcript accumulation and to promote flowering in hexaploid winter wheat | VER2 downregulated in winter wheat results in flowered later | No | No | |
TaGRP2 | No. | Glycine-rich RNA binding protein | TaGRP2 is dynamically O-glcnacylated during vernalization | TaGRP2 binds to the pre-mRNA of Vrn1 and inhibits Vrn1 expression | TaGRP2-Ri plants accelerated flowering compared with wild type | No | No | |
TaVRT2 | 7A, 7B, 7D | Encodes a predicted protein of 226 amino acids, belongs to the StMADS 11 | Accumulate in winter wheat during the vegetative phase and decline towards the transition to the reproductive phase. | The presence of Vrn2 and TaVRT-2 transcripts early during long time exposure could reduce or delay the expression of Vrn1 | Mutation of TaVRT-2 results in the advance of flowering | No | No | [48] |
TaGI | 3A, 3B, 3D | Encodes a nucleoplasmically localized protein which contains 1174 amino acid residues | The patterns of TaGI rhythmic expression in leaves are regulated by circadian clocks, but can be disturbed by light/dark cycle | Functions in mediating photoperiodic flowering, controlling circadian rhythms and phytochrome signaling | Mutations in the TaGI gene cause delayed flowering only in long day photoperiod | TraesCS3A01G116300; TraesCS3B01G135400; TraesCS3D01G118200. | 3A:84189859–84,191,364; 3B:117928502–117,930,007; 3D:71969619–71,970,784. | |
WSOC1 | 4DL | Is a member of the monocot SOC1-like gene family | WSOC1 expression is affected neither by vernalization nor photoperiod, whereas it is induced by gibberellin at the seedling stage | WSOC1 functions as a flowering activator like SOC1 in Arabidopsis | Downregulated of WSOC1 results in delayed flowering | TraesCS4D01G341700 | 4D:498394464–498,398,154 | [71] |
WPCL1 | No. | Encodes a MYB transcription factor belonging to the GARP family | Maybe regulated by circadian clock | Controlling the early flowering phenotype in the einkorn wheat mutant | Deletion of WPCL1 leads to flowering even under short-day conditions | No | No | |
TaHD1 | 6A, 6B, 6D | Encodes a transcription factor with zinc finger motif and nuclear localization signals, also called CO2 | Can regulated by long-day condition and circadian clock | Directly regulate vernalization gene under long-day condition | The co mutant show a delayed flowering response under long-day environment | TraesCS6A01G289400; TraesCS6B01G319500; TraesCS6D01G269500. | 6A:521453035–521,453,945; 6B:567398838–567,399,457; 6D:379572052–379,572,962. | |
TaPHYC | 5A, 5B, 5D | No | Long-day induced wheat PHYC forms signaling active homodimers and translocate into the nucleus | Promotes wheat flowering under inductive photoperiods | The loss of function of wheat PHYC results in altered expression of circadian clock and photoperiod genes and a dramatic delay in flowering under long days | TraesCS5A01G391300; TraesCS5D01G401000; TraesCS5B01G396200. | 5A:586595153–586,599,481; 5D:466221190–466,223,373; 5B:573216947–573,219,055 | |
Ppd1 | 2A, 2B, 2D | Encodes a pseudo-response regulator (PRR) protein with a CCT domain, also named taprr37 | Induced by long-day | Can regulated vernalization genes and participate in circadian clock function | Knockdown of Ppd1 made the wheat delayed flowering | TraesCS2A01G081900; TraesCS2D01G079600 | 2A:36936362–36,938,400; 2D:33952488–33,955,629. |