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Table 1 The anatomical structure of six Wolffia species

From: Frond architecture of the rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa

 

Wolffia arrhiza

Wolffia columbiana

Wolffia borealis

Wolffia australiana

Wolffia globosa

Wolffia microscopia

Epidermis

A single epidermal layer with chloroplasts

A single epidermal layer with chloroplasts

A single epidermal layer with chloroplasts

A single epidermal layer with chloroplasts

A single epidermal layer with chloroplasts

The upper single epidermis almost completely lacks chloroplasts

Stomata

–

–

40–50

More than 40

314.34 ± 46.99 /mm2

Two to three rows of stomata in the dorsal surface

Mesophyll

The upper palisade-like cells subjacent to the lower vacuolated cells

A single mesophyll cell size and type

Vary in size from small cells toward the dorsum to large cells toward ventrum

The upper third was loosely packed palisade-like parenchyma cells, the lower two thirds were composed of large, highly vacuolated cells

Vary in size from small and dense palisade-like parenchyma cells in dorsum to large and empty vacuolated cells in ventrum

Centre composed of loosely arranged parenchymatic cells interspersed with air spaces towards the dorsal side and more tightly packed parenchymatous cells with small air spaces towards the ventral surface

Chloroplasts

Concentrated in epidermis, mesophyll cells and vaculated cells

Mainly concentrated in epidermis

Concentrated in dorsal mesophyll cells

Concentrated in dorsal mesophyll cells

Both in the mesophyll cells and epidermis

Prominent in the lower epidermis and ventral parenchymatic cell layers

Transfer cells

–

Present in the epidermis

Absent

–

Present in adjacent mature mesophyll cell

–

Pseudoroot

Absent

Absent

Absent

Absent

Absent

Present

Reference

[15]

[17]

[17];

[18]

[16]

Current study

[19]