Natural variation in expression of genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage root

Carvalho, Luiz JCB; Agustini, Marco AV; Anderson, James V; Vieira, Eduardo A; de Souza, Claudia RB; Chen, Songbi; Schaal, Barbara A; Silva, Joseane P

doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0826-0

Table 2 Carotenoid composition and content

From: Natural variation in expression of genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage root

Color classes	RT	IY	IY	IY	IY	IY	IY	IY	IY	IY	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Py	PY	PY	PY	PY	PY	W	P
Carotenoid type	RT	Cas64	Cas56	Cas31	Cas61	Cas32	Cas57	Cas47	Cas62	Cas34	Cas68	Cas52	Cas35	Cas33	Cas60	Cas53	Cas66	Cas30	Cas74	Cas70	Cas71	Cas37	IAC12	Cas51
Neoxanthin	4.8	1.4 (±0.13)	0.8 (0.32)	1.37 (±0.07)	0.35 (±0.07)	0.83 (±0.07)	0.15 (±0.02)	1.43 (±0.07)	0	0.86 (±0.11)	0.39 (±0.05)	0.76 (±0.09)	0.46 (±0.04)	0.42 (±0.06)	0.18 (±0.02)	0.09 (±0.01)	0.05 (0.0)	0.1 (0.01)	0.06 (0)	0.07 (±0.02)	0.28 (±0.03)	0.1 (±0.02)	0.19 (±0.01)	0
Violaxanthin	4.9	1.2 (±0.06)	0.45 (0.22)	0.59 (±0.25)	0.11 (±0.09)	0.22 (±0.07)	0.09 (±0.01)	0.52 (±0.029)	0	0.25 (±0.16)	0.2 (±0.07)	0.19 (±0.05)	0.18 (±0.06)	0.14 (±0.02)	0.07 (±0.03)	0	0.03 (0.0	0	0	0	0.07 (±0.01)	0	0.02 (0)	0
Zeaxanthin	5.0	0	1.65 (0.20)	1.52 (±0.12)	0.51 (±0.04)	0	0	2.06 (±0.011)	0	1.05 (±0.15)	0.51 (±0.06)	0.41 (±0.10)	0	0.22 (±0.04).	0	0	0.05 (0.0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Crocetin	5.3	1.7 (±0.04)	0.69 (0.29)	1.16 (±0.01)	0	0.18 (±0.02)	0	0.10 (±0.02)	0	0.83 (±0.08)	0.43 (±0.08)	0.19 (±0.02)	0.71 (±0.04)	0	0.09 (±0.04)	0.19 (±0.01)	0.04 (0)	0.18 (0.02)	0.04 (0)	0.07 (±0.04)	0.06 (0)	0	0.3 (±0.03)	0
Lutein	7.9	3.6 (±0.11)	6.18 90.06)	2.16 (±0.10)	0.27 (±0.04)	0.35 (±0.02)	0.46 (±0.07)	2.31 (±0.17)	0	2.43 (±0.22)	1.57 (±0.16)	0.61 (±0.06)	0.94 (±0.03)	0	0.15 (±0.01)	0.5 (±0.01)	0.05 (0)	0.14 (0.03)	0.09 (0)	0.12 (±0.02)	0.12 (±0.02)	0.04 (0)	0.3 (±0.02)	0
Anteroxanthin	8.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.89 (±0.04)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lycopene	17.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	14.84 (±0.07)
β-cryptoxanthin	18.5	0.6 (±0.04)	0.52 (0.25)	0.91 (±0.04)	0.11 (±0.09)	0.32 (±0.04)	0	0.73 (±0.08)	1.56 (±0.12)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
β-zeacaroteno	24.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.48 (±0.11)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.05 (0)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Neurosporene	25.7	1.1 (±0.32)	0.83 (0.42)	0	0	0	0	0.68 (±0.07)	1.34 (±0.03)	0.76 (±0.05)	0	0	0.19 (±0.02)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ε − carotene	28	0.6 (±0.03)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.47 (±0.09)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ζ-zeacarotene	34.5	0	0	0	0	2.61 (±0.09)	0	0	2.03 (±0.09)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
All trans β − carotene	41.6	6.3 (±0.23)	5.16 (0.04)	5.71 (±0.26)	0.88 (±0.05)	1.54 (±0.09)	0.62 (±0.10)	7.23 (±0.38)	17.84 (±0.11)	6.24 (±0.17)	1.21 (±0.08)	1.6 (±0.03)	0.9 (±0.09)	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	0.24 (±0.003)	0.89 (±0.05)	0	0	0
Phytofluene1	41.6	0	3.65 (0.51)	0	0.54 (±0.05)	0	2.37 (±0.04)	5.11 (±0.08)	0	0	0	0	0	0.5 (±0.01)	0	0	0.06 (0)	0	0	0	0	0.9 (±0.12)	0.9 (±0.09)	0
9-cis − β − carotene	43.0	5.8 (±1.35)	4.04 (0.24)	4.28 (±0.59)	0.59 (±0.05)	1.06 (±0.02)	0.45 (±0.19)	5.57 (±0.42)	10.58 (±0.27)	5.89 (±0.10)	0.88 (±0.04)	1.34 (±0.11)	0.86 (±0.06)	0.54 (±0.02)	0.6 (0.04)	0.67 (±0.02)	0.07 (0)	0.41	0.09	0.15 (±0.02)	0.52 (±0.04)	0.6 (±0.13)	0.3 (±0.02)	0
Phytofluen2	43.0	0	0.38 (0.16)	0	0.04 (±0.03)	0	0.26 (±0.04)	0.51 (±0.013)	0	0.52 (±0.20)	0.14 (±0.03)	0	0.83 (±0.05)	0.07 (±0.02)	0	0.6 (±0.05)	0.03 (0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
13-cis-β-carotene	45.7	2.0 ± 0.12)	1.62 (0.13)	2.29 (±0.23)	0.23 (±0.02)	0	0.20 (±0.07)	2.22 (±0.26)	5 (±0.26)	1.96 (±0.26)	0.52 (±0.04)	0.52 (±0.14)	0.26 (±0.06)	0.29 (±0.01)	0.38 (±0.01)	0.3 (±0.01)	0.03 (0)	0.26	0.03	0.1 (±0.02)	0.36 (0.0)	0.3 (±0.03)	0.2 (±0.02)	0
Phytofluen3	45.7	0	1.47 (0.08)	0	0.2 (±0.04)	0	1.17 (±0.20)	2.07 (±0.10)	0	1.81 (±0.22)	0.46 (±0.19)	0	0.27 (±0.02)	0.3 (±0.03	0	0.33 (0.02)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Phytoene	52.3	0	2.27 (0.24)	0	0	0	0	0	15.68 (0.19)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.93 (0.02)	0	0	0	0	0	0.03 (0)	0.09 (0.01)	0
Total		24.7	29.71	19.9	3.8	7.1	5.8	31.4	55.9	22.6	6.3	5.6	5.6	2.5	1.5	3.6	0.4	1.1	0.4	0.8	2.3	1.9	2.3	14.8
Proportion of β_carotene/total (%)		57.6	36.4	61.4	44.4	36.6	22.0	47.8	59.7	62.3	41.4	61.6	36.1	33.5	66.7	26.9	24.4	58.8	56.8	65.3	76.0	45.8	21.7	0.0

Carotenoid types and content (μg/g DWt.) in storage root of 23 pigmented cassava landraces. Abbreviations accounts for RT = retention time (minutes) of HPLC_DAD in the carotenoid profile. Color class groups were named as IY – Intense yellow. Y yellow, PY pale yellow, W white, P pink. Values in parenthesis refer to standard deviation for a particular carotene obtained with two biological replications and calculated from the integration of peak area in the chromatogram

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