Fig. 4

Leaf-feeding toxicity assay with larvae of P. xylostella. Five-week-old MOA-expressing and WT plants were exposed to larvae, 8 plants per line were inoculated with 5 pre-weighted second-instar larvae per plant. After seven days, the relative mass gain. a and survival rate b was determined. Values are means ± SE, and n = 8; mean of three biological replicates. Asterisks above columns indicate statistically significant differences compared to control (***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, ns: not significant) between MOA-expressing lines and WT plants, analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc analysis with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test. c Phenotype of plants treated with larvae. Control: Plants were incubated under the same conditions without larvae. Treated: Plants were inoculated with larvae as described above. Pictures were taken 7 days post-inoculation