Fig. 5

Pathway analysis of differently expressed genes (DEGs). Schematic representation and expression heatmap of DEGs associated with (a) hormone signaling, and (b) starch and sucrose metabolism. The diagrams were constructed based on the corresponding Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and literary references. In (a), the neatly arranged cyan circles make up the cell membrane and the orange dotted lines comprise the nucleus. In (a) and (b), the function-annotated DEGs, filtered from the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of the leaves from wild-type (WT) and PbrGA2ox1-overexpressing (OE) tobacco seedlings at 35 days after vernalization (DAV) under long-day conditions, are marked with blue boxes. The expression levels for DEGs are shown as min–max normalized counts based on the fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) values and are presented in colors. The numbers in the boxes are the normalized values, and the blue-to-red gradient denotes a gradual increase in gene expression. The blue arrows indicate a significant decline, whereas the red arrows denote a marked rise in OE vs. WT