Fig. 5

CgEC124 prevents induction of host defenses. A Aniline blue staining in FoMV:GFP-VOX and FoMV:CgEC124-VOX maize leaves. Aniline signals were taken at 2 h after aniline treatment. Scare bars = 50 μm. Red arrows indicate callose in the plant cell wall. Similar results were observed in three independent biological experiments. B Callose content in FoMV:GFP-VOX and FoMV:CgEC124-VOX plants. Statistical significance was determined with Student’s t-test, ^**p < 0.01. C The expression level of Callose-synthase 1 in FoMV:GFP-VOX and FoMV:CgEC124-VOX plants. Statistical significance was determined with Student’s t-test, ^*p < 0.05. D The hydrolytic activity on β-glucan of recombinant CgEC124 glucanase. Zymolyase, a known β − 1,3-glucanase served as a positive control, and the heated inactivated CgEC124 as negative control. Statistical significance was determined with Student’s t-test, ^*p < 0.05, ^****p < 0.0001. E A ROS-burst assay was performed with maize leaf disks following incubation with β-D-glucan, CgEC124, and a mix of β-D-glucan and CgEC124 recombinant proteins. Bar indicates the standard deviation of three replicates